Researchers are exploring the use of single-atom catalysts, including those based on cobalt, for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole. Various approaches are being investigated, including the use of nano-island-encapsulated catalysts, surface-hydroxylated catalysts, and core-shell junctions, with some studies focusing on the role of oxygen vacancies and strain-induced spin regulation. The goal of these efforts appears to be the development of more efficient and selective catalysts for Fenton-like reactions and pollutant degradation.