Research is being conducted on stem cell-based approaches to address various vascular and other disorders. These approaches include the use of mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes, and other therapies to modulate molecular pathways and regulate the immune microenvironment. The applications of these approaches appear to be broad, with potential uses in treating conditions such as degenerative disc disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and cancer, as well as wound healing and hypertrophic scarring.