Research on post-translational modifications in proteins is ongoing, with studies exploring their biological functions, prediction methods, and roles in diseases. Various approaches, including deep learning models and machine learning-driven prediction, are being developed to understand and predict these modifications. The research encompasses different types of modifications, such as SUMOylation, lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and lactylation, and their implications for brain health, disease, and protein engineering.