Research is exploring the role of microRNAs carried by small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells in various therapeutic applications. These vesicles are being studied for their potential to modulate neuroinflammation, as well as treat diseases such as osteoarticular disease, spinal cord injury, and kidney diseases. The use of these vesicles as a cell-free therapeutic tool is also being investigated for regenerative and immunomodulatory purposes.