A case report has been published on the combination of upadacitinib and adalimumab in treating refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Other reports and studies have also explored the use of upadacitinib, sometimes in combination with adalimumab, in treating various conditions, including psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. The efficacy and safety of upadacitinib, with or without adalimumab, appear to be under investigation in different contexts, with some reports noting varying outcomes and side effects.